High-altitude jet streams are so fast that it takes only a few days for the smoke to spread across much of the northern hemisphere. This black smoke gets heated by sunlight, lofting it like a hot air balloon for up to a decade. ![]() A large city like Moscow, with almost 50 times more people than Hiroshima, can create much more smoke, and a firestorm that sends plumes of black smoke up into the stratosphere, far above any rain clouds that would otherwise wash out the smoke. The Hiroshima atomic bomb caused such a firestorm, but today’s hydrogen bombs are much more powerful. Unfortunately, peer-reviewed research suggests that explosions, the electromagnetic pulse, and the radioactivity aren’t the worst part: a nuclear winter is caused by the black carbon smoke from the nuclear firestorms.
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